---
title: "Create a new user"
method: POST
path: "/users"
tags: ["Users"]
---

# Create a new user

`POST /users`

Creates a new user. Your user management settings determine how you should setup your user model.

By default, any email address and phone number created using this method is marked as verified. Use the `email_address_identification_status` and `phone_number_identification_status` arrays to instead create some or all of them as reserved (unverified but usable for sign-in and locked so no other user can claim them).

Note: If you are performing a migration, check out our guide on [zero downtime migrations](https://clerk.com/docs/deployments/migrate-overview).

The following rate limit rules apply to this endpoint: 1000 requests per 10 seconds for production instances and 100 requests per 10 seconds for development instances

## Request body

- object
  - `external_id` string, nullable — The ID of the user as used in your external systems or your previous authentication solution. Must be unique across your instance.
  - `first_name` string, nullable — The first name to assign to the user
  - `last_name` string, nullable — The last name to assign to the user
  - `locale` string, nullable — The locale to assign to the user (e.g., "en-US", "fr-FR")
  - `email_address` string[] — Email addresses to add to the user. Must be unique across your instance. The first email address will be set as the user's primary email address. Created verified by default; see `email_address_identification_status` to create them reserved.
  - `email_address_identification_status` string[] — Controls the status each email address is created with. Runs parallel to `email_address`: when provided, it must contain exactly one item per email address, applied by position. When omitted or empty, every email address is created `verified`. Set an item to `reserved` to create the corresponding email address reserved instead (unverified but usable for sign-in and locked so no other user can claim it).
  - `phone_number` string[] — Phone numbers to add to the user. Must be unique across your instance. The first phone number will be set as the user's primary phone number. Created verified by default; see `phone_number_identification_status` to create them reserved.
  - `phone_number_identification_status` string[] — Controls the status each phone number is created with. Runs parallel to `phone_number`: when provided, it must contain exactly one item per phone number, applied by position. When omitted or empty, every phone number is created `verified`. Set an item to `reserved` to create the corresponding phone number reserved instead (unverified but usable for sign-in and locked so no other user can claim it).
  - `web3_wallet` string[] — Web3 wallets to add to the user. Must be unique across your instance. The first wallet will be set as the user's primary wallet.
  - `username` string, nullable — The username to give to the user. It must be unique across your instance.
  - `password` string, nullable — The plaintext password to give the user. Must be at least 8 characters long, and cannot be in any list of hacked passwords.
  - `password_digest` string, nullable — In case you already have the password digests and not the passwords, you can use them for the newly created user via this property. The digests should be generated with one of the supported algorithms. The hashing algorithm can be specified using the `password_hasher` property.
  - `password_hasher` string — The hashing algorithm that was used to generate the password digest. The algorithms we support at the moment are [`bcrypt`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcrypt), [`bcrypt_sha256_django`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/4.0/topics/auth/passwords/), [`md5`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD5), `pbkdf2_sha1`, `pbkdf2_sha256`, [`pbkdf2_sha256_django`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/4.0/topics/auth/passwords/), `pbkdf2_sha512`, [`phpass`](https://www.openwall.com/phpass/), `md5_phpass`, [`scrypt_firebase`](https://firebaseopensource.com/projects/firebase/scrypt/), [`scrypt_werkzeug`](https://werkzeug.palletsprojects.com/en/3.0.x/utils/#werkzeug.security.generate_password_hash), [`sha256`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-2), [`ldap_ssha`](https://www.openldap.org/faq/data/cache/347.html), the [`argon2`](https://argon2.online/) variants: `argon2i` and `argon2id`, `sha512_symfony`, the SHA-512 variant of the [Symfony](https://symfony.com/doc/current/security/passwords.html) legacy hasher, and `pbkdf2_sha512_hex`, a variant of `pbkdf2_sha512` that accepts hex-encoded salt and hash. Each of the supported hashers expects the incoming digest to be in a particular format. See the [Clerk docs](https://clerk.com/docs/references/backend/user/create-user) for more information.
  - `skip_password_checks` boolean, nullable — When set to `true` all password checks are skipped. It is recommended to use this method only when migrating plaintext passwords to Clerk. Upon migration the user base should be prompted to pick stronger password.
  - `skip_password_requirement` boolean, nullable — When set to `true`, `password` is not required anymore when creating the user and can be omitted. This is useful when you are trying to create a user that doesn't have a password, in an instance that is using passwords. Please note that you cannot use this flag if password is the only way for a user to sign into your instance.
  - `totp_secret` string, nullable — In case TOTP is configured on the instance, you can provide the secret to enable it on the newly created user without the need to reset it. Please note that currently the supported options are: * Period: 30 seconds * Code length: 6 digits * Algorithm: SHA1
  - `backup_codes` string[] — If Backup Codes are configured on the instance, you can provide them to enable it on the newly created user without the need to reset them. You must provide the backup codes in plain format or the corresponding bcrypt digest.
  - `public_metadata` object — Metadata saved on the user, that is visible to both your Frontend and Backend APIs
  - `private_metadata` object — Metadata saved on the user, that is only visible to your Backend API
  - `unsafe_metadata` object — Metadata saved on the user, that can be updated from both the Frontend and Backend APIs. Note: Since this data can be modified from the frontend, it is not guaranteed to be safe.
  - `delete_self_enabled` boolean, nullable — If enabled, user can delete themselves via FAPI.
  - `legal_accepted_at` string, nullable — A custom timestamp denoting _when_ the user accepted legal requirements, specified in RFC3339 format (e.g. `2012-10-20T07:15:20.902Z`).
  - `skip_legal_checks` boolean, nullable — When set to `true` all legal checks are skipped. It is not recommended to skip legal checks unless you are migrating a user to Clerk.
  - `skip_user_requirement` boolean, nullable — When set to `true`, identification types are not enforced. At least one identification type must be enabled and provided on your instance (email, phone, web3 wallet, or username). Users created without required identification types cannot use those authentication strategies It is not recommended to use this flag unless you need to allow Clerk UI components to prompt for required fields while BAPI creates users with minimal data, or for migration a user to Clerk.
  - `create_organization_enabled` boolean, nullable — If enabled, user can create organizations via FAPI.
  - `create_organizations_limit` integer, nullable — The maximum number of organizations the user can create. 0 means unlimited.
  - `created_at` string, nullable — A custom date/time denoting _when_ the user signed up to the application, specified in RFC3339 format (e.g. `2012-10-20T07:15:20.902Z`).
  - `bypass_client_trust` boolean, nullable — When set to `true`, the user will bypass client trust checks during sign-in.
  - `banned` boolean, nullable — When set to `true`, the user is created already banned and cannot sign in. Requires the same plan support as the ban user endpoint.
  - `locked` boolean, nullable — When set to `true`, the user is created already locked. Requires the user lockout feature to be enabled on the instance.

## Response `200`

Success

- User
  - `id` string, required
  - `object` 'user', required — String representing the object's type. Objects of the same type share the same value.
  - `external_id` string, nullable, required
  - `primary_email_address_id` string, nullable, required
  - `primary_phone_number_id` string, nullable, required
  - `primary_web3_wallet_id` string, nullable, required
  - `username` string, nullable, required
  - `first_name` string, nullable, required
  - `last_name` string, nullable, required
  - `locale` string, nullable
  - `profile_image_url` string
  - `image_url` string
  - `has_image` boolean, required
  - `public_metadata` object, required
  - `private_metadata` object, nullable
  - `unsafe_metadata` object
  - `email_addresses` EmailAddress[], required
    - `id` string
    - `object` 'email_address', required — String representing the object's type. Objects of the same type share the same value.
    - `email_address` string, required
    - `reserved` boolean, required
    - `verification` union, required
      - object
        - `object` 'verification_otp'
        - `status` 'unverified' | 'verified' | 'failed' | 'expired', required
        - `strategy` 'phone_code' | 'email_code' | 'reset_password_email_code', required
        - `attempts` integer, nullable, required
        - `expire_at` integer, nullable, required
        - `channel` string, nullable — The delivery channel of the code (phone codes only).
        - `verified_at_client` string, nullable
      - object
        - `object` 'verification_admin'
        - `status` 'verified', required
        - `strategy` 'admin', required
        - `attempts` integer, nullable, required
        - `expire_at` integer, nullable, required
        - `verified_at_client` string, nullable
      - object
        - `object` 'verification_from_oauth'
        - `status` 'unverified' | 'verified', required
        - `strategy` string, required
        - `error` object, nullable
          - `message` string, required
          - `long_message` string, required
          - `code` string, required
          - `meta` object
        - `expire_at` integer, nullable, required
        - `attempts` integer, nullable, required
        - `verified_at_client` string, nullable
      - object
        - `object` 'verification_ticket'
        - `status` 'unverified' | 'verified' | 'expired', required
        - `strategy` 'ticket', required
        - `attempts` integer, nullable, required
        - `expire_at` integer, nullable, required
        - `verified_at_client` string, nullable
      - object
        - `object` 'verification_saml'
        - `status` 'unverified' | 'verified' | 'failed' | 'expired' | 'transferable', required
        - `strategy` 'saml', required
        - `external_verification_redirect_url` string, nullable
        - `error` object, nullable
          - `message` string, required
          - `long_message` string, required
          - `code` string, required
          - `meta` object
        - `expire_at` integer, nullable
        - `attempts` integer, nullable, required
        - `verified_at_client` string, nullable
      - object
        - `object` 'verification_email_link'
        - `status` 'unverified' | 'verified' | 'failed' | 'expired', required
        - `strategy` 'email_link', required
        - `attempts` integer, nullable, required
        - `expire_at` integer, nullable, required
        - `verified_at_client` string, nullable
      - object
        - `object` 'verification_scim'
        - `status` 'verified', required
        - `strategy` 'scim', required
        - `attempts` integer, nullable, required
        - `expire_at` integer, nullable, required
    - `linked_to` IdentificationLink[], required
      - `type` string, required
      - `id` string, required
    - `matches_sso_connection` boolean — Indicates whether this email address domain matches an active enterprise connection.
    - `created_at` integer, required — Unix timestamp of creation
    - `updated_at` integer, required — Unix timestamp of creation
  - `phone_numbers` PhoneNumber[], required
    - `id` string
    - `object` 'phone_number', required — String representing the object's type. Objects of the same type share the same value.
    - `phone_number` string, required
    - `reserved_for_second_factor` boolean
    - `default_second_factor` boolean
    - `reserved` boolean, required
    - `verification` union, required
      - object
        - `object` 'verification_otp'
        - `status` 'unverified' | 'verified' | 'failed' | 'expired', required
        - `strategy` 'phone_code' | 'email_code' | 'reset_password_email_code', required
        - `attempts` integer, nullable, required
        - `expire_at` integer, nullable, required
        - `channel` string, nullable — The delivery channel of the code (phone codes only).
        - `verified_at_client` string, nullable
      - object
        - `object` 'verification_admin'
        - `status` 'verified', required
        - `strategy` 'admin', required
        - `attempts` integer, nullable, required
        - `expire_at` integer, nullable, required
        - `verified_at_client` string, nullable
    - `linked_to` IdentificationLink[], required
      - `type` string, required
      - `id` string, required
    - `backup_codes` string[], nullable
    - `created_at` integer, required — Unix timestamp of creation
    - `updated_at` integer, required — Unix timestamp of creation
  - `web3_wallets` Web3Wallet[], required
    - `id` string
    - `object` 'web3_wallet', required — String representing the object's type. Objects of the same type share the same value.
    - `web3_wallet` string, required
    - `verification` union, required
      - object
        - `object` 'verification_web3'
        - `status` 'unverified' | 'verified' | 'failed' | 'expired', required
        - `strategy` 'web3_metamask_signature' | 'web3_base_signature' | 'web3_coinbase_wallet_signature' | 'web3_okx_wallet_signature' | 'web3_solana_signature', required
        - `nonce` string, nullable
        - `message` string, nullable
        - `attempts` integer, nullable, required
        - `expire_at` integer, nullable, required
        - `verified_at_client` string, nullable
      - object
        - `object` 'verification_admin'
        - `status` 'verified', required
        - `strategy` 'admin', required
        - `attempts` integer, nullable, required
        - `expire_at` integer, nullable, required
        - `verified_at_client` string, nullable
    - `created_at` integer, required — Unix timestamp of creation
    - `updated_at` integer, required — Unix timestamp of creation
  - `passkeys` Passkey[], required
    - `id` string
    - `object` 'passkey', required — String representing the object's type. Objects of the same type share the same value.
    - `name` string, required
    - `last_used_at` integer, required — Unix timestamp of when the passkey was last used.
    - `verification` object, nullable, required
      - `object` 'verification_passkey'
      - `status` 'verified', required
      - `strategy` 'passkey', required
      - `nonce` 'nonce'
      - `message` string, nullable
      - `attempts` integer, nullable, required
      - `expire_at` integer, nullable, required
      - `verified_at_client` string, nullable
  - `password_enabled` boolean, required
  - `two_factor_enabled` boolean, required
  - `totp_enabled` boolean, required
  - `backup_code_enabled` boolean, required
  - `mfa_enabled_at` integer, nullable, required — Unix timestamp of when MFA was last enabled for this user. It should be noted that this field is not nullified if MFA is disabled.
  - `mfa_disabled_at` integer, nullable, required — Unix timestamp of when MFA was last disabled for this user. It should be noted that this field is not nullified if MFA is enabled again.
  - `password_last_updated_at` integer, nullable — Unix timestamp of when the user's password was last updated.
  - `external_accounts` ExternalAccountWithVerification[], required
    - `object` 'external_account' | 'facebook_account' | 'google_account', required — String representing the object's type. Objects of the same type share the same value.
    - `id` string, required
    - `provider` string, required
    - `identification_id` string, required
    - `provider_user_id` string, required — The unique ID of the user in the external provider's system
    - `approved_scopes` string, required
    - `email_address` string, required
    - `email_address_verified` boolean, nullable — Whether the email was verified by the OAuth provider at creation time. null = unknown (pre-migration data or custom OAuth providers), true = provider confirmed email was verified, false = provider confirmed email was NOT verified
    - `first_name` string, required
    - `last_name` string, required
    - `avatar_url` string — Please use `image_url` instead
    - `image_url` string, nullable
    - `username` string, nullable
    - `phone_number` string, nullable
    - `public_metadata` object, required
    - `label` string, nullable
    - `created_at` integer, required — Unix timestamp of creation
    - `updated_at` integer, required — Unix timestamp of creation
    - `verification` union, required
      - object
        - `object` 'verification_oauth'
        - `status` 'unverified' | 'verified' | 'failed' | 'expired' | 'transferable', required
        - `strategy` string, required
        - `external_verification_redirect_url` string
        - `error` object, nullable
          - `message` string, required
          - `long_message` string, required
          - `code` string, required
          - `meta` object
        - `expire_at` integer, required
        - `attempts` integer, nullable, required
        - `verified_at_client` string, nullable
      - object
        - `object` 'verification_google_one_tap'
        - `status` 'unverified' | 'verified', required
        - `strategy` 'google_one_tap', required
        - `expire_at` integer, nullable, required
        - `attempts` integer, nullable, required
        - `verified_at_client` string, nullable
        - `error` object, nullable
          - `message` string, required
          - `long_message` string, required
          - `code` string, required
          - `meta` object
  - `saml_accounts` SAMLAccount[], required
    - `id` string, required
    - `object` 'saml_account', required — String representing the object's type. Objects of the same type share the same value.
    - `provider` string, required
    - `active` boolean, required
    - `email_address` string, required
    - `first_name` string, nullable
    - `last_name` string, nullable
    - `provider_user_id` string, nullable
    - `last_authenticated_at` integer, nullable — Unix timestamp of last authentication.
    - `public_metadata` object
    - `verification` union, required
      - object
        - `object` 'verification_saml'
        - `status` 'unverified' | 'verified' | 'failed' | 'expired' | 'transferable', required
        - `strategy` 'saml', required
        - `external_verification_redirect_url` string, nullable
        - `error` object, nullable
          - `message` string, required
          - `long_message` string, required
          - `code` string, required
          - `meta` object
        - `expire_at` integer, nullable
        - `attempts` integer, nullable, required
        - `verified_at_client` string, nullable
      - object
        - `object` 'verification_ticket'
        - `status` 'unverified' | 'verified' | 'expired', required
        - `strategy` 'ticket', required
        - `attempts` integer, nullable, required
        - `expire_at` integer, nullable, required
        - `verified_at_client` string, nullable
    - `saml_connection` union
      - object
        - `id` string, required
        - `name` string, required
        - `domain` string, required
        - `domains` string[]
        - `active` boolean, required
        - `provider` string, required
        - `sync_user_attributes` boolean, required
        - `allow_subdomains` boolean
        - `allow_idp_initiated` boolean
        - `disable_additional_identifications` boolean
        - `created_at` integer, required — Unix timestamp of creation.
        - `updated_at` integer, required — Unix timestamp of last update.
      - object
        - `id` string, required
        - `name` string, required
        - `domain` string
        - `domains` string[], required
        - `active` boolean, required
        - `provider` string, required
        - `sync_user_attributes` boolean, required
        - `allow_subdomains` boolean
        - `allow_idp_initiated` boolean
        - `disable_additional_identifications` boolean
        - `created_at` integer, required — Unix timestamp of creation.
        - `updated_at` integer, required — Unix timestamp of last update.
  - `enterprise_accounts` EnterpriseAccount[], required
    - `id` string, required
    - `object` 'enterprise_account', required — String representing the object's type. Objects of the same type share the same value.
    - `protocol` 'oauth' | 'saml' — The authentication protocol used to sign in.
    - `provider` string, required
    - `active` boolean, required
    - `email_address` string, required
    - `first_name` string, nullable
    - `last_name` string, nullable
    - `provider_user_id` string, nullable — The unique ID of the user in the external provider's system
    - `enterprise_connection_id` string, nullable
    - `public_metadata` object
    - `verification` union, required
      - object
        - `object` 'verification_ticket'
        - `status` 'unverified' | 'verified' | 'expired', required
        - `strategy` 'ticket', required
        - `attempts` integer, nullable, required
        - `expire_at` integer, nullable, required
        - `verified_at_client` string, nullable
      - object
        - `object` 'verification_saml'
        - `status` 'unverified' | 'verified' | 'failed' | 'expired' | 'transferable', required
        - `strategy` 'saml', required
        - `external_verification_redirect_url` string, nullable
        - `error` object, nullable
          - `message` string, required
          - `long_message` string, required
          - `code` string, required
          - `meta` object
        - `expire_at` integer, nullable
        - `attempts` integer, nullable, required
        - `verified_at_client` string, nullable
      - object
        - `object` 'verification_oauth'
        - `status` 'unverified' | 'verified' | 'failed' | 'expired' | 'transferable', required
        - `strategy` string, required
        - `external_verification_redirect_url` string
        - `error` object, nullable
          - `message` string, required
          - `long_message` string, required
          - `code` string, required
          - `meta` object
        - `expire_at` integer, required
        - `attempts` integer, nullable, required
        - `verified_at_client` string, nullable
    - `enterprise_connection` union
      - object
        - `id` string, required
        - `protocol` string, required
        - `provider` string, required
        - `name` string, required
        - `logo_public_url` string, nullable, required
        - `domain` string, required
        - `domains` string[]
        - `active` boolean, required
        - `sync_user_attributes` boolean, required
        - `allow_subdomains` boolean, required
        - `allow_idp_initiated` boolean, required
        - `disable_additional_identifications` boolean, required
        - `created_at` integer, required — Unix timestamp of creation.
        - `updated_at` integer, required — Unix timestamp of last update.
      - object
        - `id` string, required
        - `protocol` string, required
        - `provider` string, required
        - `name` string, required
        - `logo_public_url` string, nullable, required
        - `domain` string
        - `domains` string[], required
        - `active` boolean, required
        - `sync_user_attributes` boolean, required
        - `allow_subdomains` boolean, required
        - `allow_idp_initiated` boolean, required
        - `disable_additional_identifications` boolean, required
        - `created_at` integer, required — Unix timestamp of creation.
        - `updated_at` integer, required — Unix timestamp of last update.
    - `last_authenticated_at` integer, nullable — Unix timestamp of last authentication.
  - `organization_memberships` OrganizationMembership[]
    - `id` string, required
    - `object` 'organization_membership', required — String representing the object's type. Objects of the same type share the same value.
    - `role` string, required
    - `role_name` string
    - `permissions` string[], required
    - `public_metadata` object, required — Metadata saved on the organization membership, accessible from both Frontend and Backend APIs
    - `private_metadata` object — Metadata saved on the organization membership, accessible only from the Backend API
    - `organization` Organization, required
      - `object` 'organization', required
      - `id` string, required
      - `name` string, required
      - `slug` string, required
      - `image_url` string
      - `has_image` boolean, required
      - `members_count` integer
      - `missing_member_with_elevated_permissions` boolean
      - `pending_invitations_count` integer
      - `max_allowed_memberships` integer, required
      - `admin_delete_enabled` boolean, required
      - `public_metadata` object, required
      - `private_metadata` object
      - `created_by` string
      - `created_at` integer, required — Unix timestamp of creation.
      - `updated_at` integer, required — Unix timestamp of last update.
      - `last_active_at` integer — Unix timestamp of last activity.
      - `role_set_key` string, nullable — The key of the [role set](https://clerk.com/docs/guides/organizations/control-access/role-sets) assigned to this organization.
    - `public_user_data` OrganizationMembershipPublicUserData — An organization membership with public user data populated
      - `user_id` string, required
      - `first_name` string, nullable, required
      - `last_name` string, nullable, required
      - `profile_image_url` string, nullable, required
      - `image_url` string, required
      - `has_image` boolean, required
      - `identifier` string, nullable
      - `username` string, nullable
      - `banned` boolean
      - `deprovisioned` boolean
    - `created_at` integer, required — Unix timestamp of creation.
    - `updated_at` integer, required — Unix timestamp of last update.
  - `last_sign_in_at` integer, nullable, required — Unix timestamp of last sign-in.
  - `banned` boolean, required — Flag to denote whether user is banned or not.
  - `locked` boolean, required — Flag to denote whether user is currently locked, i.e. restricted from signing in or not.
  - `deprovisioned` boolean — Flag to denote whether user has been deprovisioned and is restricted from signing in.
  - `lockout_expires_in_seconds` integer, nullable, required — The number of seconds remaining until the lockout period expires for a locked user. A null value for a locked user indicates that lockout never expires.
  - `verification_attempts_remaining` integer, nullable, required — The number of verification attempts remaining until the user is locked. Null if account lockout is not enabled. Note: if a user is locked explicitly via the Backend API, they may still have verification attempts remaining.
  - `updated_at` integer, required — Unix timestamp of last update.
  - `created_at` integer, required — Unix timestamp of creation.
  - `delete_self_enabled` boolean, required — If enabled, user can delete themselves via FAPI.
  - `create_organization_enabled` boolean, required — If enabled, user can create organizations via FAPI.
  - `create_organizations_limit` integer, nullable — The maximum number of organizations the user can create. 0 means unlimited.
  - `last_active_at` integer, nullable, required — Unix timestamp of the latest session activity, with day precision.
  - `legal_accepted_at` integer, nullable, required — Unix timestamp of when the user accepted the legal requirements.
  - `bypass_client_trust` boolean — When set to `true`, the user will bypass client trust checks during sign-in.
  - `scim` SCIMUserMetadata — Metadata describing a user's linkage to a SCIM directory. This object is only delivered on `user.created` and `user.updated` webhook events, and only when the user is provisioned through a SCIM directory. Its absence does not necessarily mean the user is not SCIM-managed.
    - `directory_id` string, required — The ID of the SCIM directory the user is provisioned from.
    - `directory_enabled` boolean — Whether the SCIM directory is currently enabled. Omitted when false.
    - `external_id` string, nullable, required — The user's external ID as reported by the SCIM directory, if any.

## Other responses

- `400` — Request was not successful
- `401` — Authentication invalid
- `402` — Payment required
- `403` — Authentication invalid
- `422` — Invalid request parameters

---

[API](https://skmtc.net/clerk/apis/clerk-backend-api.md) · [All operations](https://skmtc.net/clerk/apis/clerk-backend-api/llms.txt) · [OpenAPI document](https://skmtc-service-staging.skmtc.workers.dev/v1/apis/clerk/clerk-backend-api/versions/cf036e7951d3/schema)